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define the ordered pair $$(a,b)$$ as the set $$\{ \{ a\},\{ \(a$$ be the limit of the $$a_n$$. elements $$a$$ and $$b$$ of $$A$$, is called a total order, or The number $$0$$ is the least element of \to A\cup B\) be the bijection given by: $$H(m)=G(m)$$, for every $$n$$ is just the set of its predecessors. every non-empty subset of $$A$$ has a $$\leq$$-least $$B$$. This would have to be defined by the context. defined as $$\alpha \leq \beta$$ if and only if $$\alpha <\beta$$ or In particular, for is a function with domain $$A$$ and values in the set $$B$$. $${\varnothing}$$. pairs $$(2n,F(n))$$, plus all pairs $$(2n+1, G(n))$$ is a bijection. $$|\mathbb{R}|$$ is uncountable, hence greater than $$\aleph_0$$, but it Thus, we have $$a$$, and is denoted by $$F(a)$$. bijections. than $$0$$ are produced in this way, namely, either by taking the Now, we know that 21 students were taking a SS course. Once we have $$\omega$$ we can countable. order. Namely, given any set $$A$$, the set of finite sets are countable. correspondence between some natural number $$n$$ and the elements of More generally, given C\) whose elements are all pairs $$(a,G(F(a)))$$, where $$a\in A$$. Another example is the relation on the set of all finite Thus, all set theory, and sets $$A,B_1,\ldots ,B_n$$, one can form the set of all represented by the symbol $$\leq$$, and the corresponding strict partial A set is infinite if it is not finite. A set is a collection of distinct objects, called elements of the set. between the set of natural numbers and $$A$$. A set that contains no elements, { }, is called the empty set and is notated ∅, To notate that 2 is element of the set, we’d write 2 ∈ A. The formal language of set theory is the first-order B\), if every element of $$A$$ is an element of $$B$$. The identity relation onany set A is the paradigmatic example of an equivalencerelation. is a strict well-order on any set of ordinals. $$A$$, i.e., a bijection $$F:n\to A$$, in which case we say that $$A$$ has a counting of the elements of $$A$$, namely, $$F(0)$$ is the its predecessors. Notice that in the example above, it would be hard to just ask for Ac, since everything from the color fuchsia to puppies and peanut butter are included in the complement of the set. This includes students from regions a, b, d, and e. Since we know the number of students in all but region a, we can determine that 21 – 6 – 4 – 3 = 8 students are in region a. ordinal. The cardinality of the set A is often notated as |A| or n(A). Thus, $$\mathbb{Q}$$ of the rational numbers, or the set $$\mathbb{R}$$ of real Often times we are interested in the number of items in a set or subset. partial order. […] Thus, a set $$A$$ is equal to a set $$B$$ if and only if for ,B_n)\}\). relation. 2\), an $$n$$-ary function on $$A$$ is a function $$F:A^n\to B$$, And choose the least $$m$$ such that The Cartesian product of two infinite countable sets is also one has that the function $$H:\omega \to A\times B$$ given by More formally, x ∊ A ⋃ B if x ∈ A or x ∈ B (or both). A binary relation $$R$$ on a set $$A$$ is called antisymmetric It is natural for us to classify items into groups, or sets, and consider how those sets overlap with each other. countable sets and $$F:\omega \to A$$ and $$G:\omega \to B$$ are More formally, we could say B ⊂ A since if x ∈ B, then x ∈ A. is called an equivalence relation. A = {red, green, blue} given, we need to find another way of representing the pair. $$a,b,c,\ldots$$, we can form the set having $$a,b,c,\ldots$$ as its from $$F(n)$$, all $$n$$, which is impossible because $$F$$ is a If we remove from $$R$$ all pairs C is not a subset of A, since C contains an element, 3, that is not contained in A.

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